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@#Abstract: Objective To understand the situation of drug-resistant tuberculosis screening and epidemiological characteristics of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and pre-extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (pre-XDR-TB) in Changsha, in order to provide a scientific basis for improving the quality of drug-resistant tuberculosis prevention and control in the city. Methods Demographic information and drug susceptibility date of etiologically positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Changsha from 2018 to 2021 were collected, the successful rate of resistance screening, incidence and tendency in MDR-TB and pre-XDR-TB in patients included in this study were statistically analyzed accordingly. Results From 2018 to 2021, the successful screening rates were 86.2%, 87.7%, 81.9% and 71.5% for MDR-TB and 82.2%, 84.8%, 76.9% and 68.2% for pre-XDR-TB, respectively. In each year, MDR-TB patients identified accounted for 7.6% (101/1 222), 6.5%(124/1 774), 6.6%(110/1 555) and 6.3%(99/1 478), and pre-XDR-TB patients identified accounted for 3.6%(46/1 219), 3.8%(69/1 766), 4.4%(69/1 495) and 4.6%(69/1 436), correspondingly. The incidence of MDR-TB showed a slowly downward trend, while the incidence of pre-MDR-TB showed a slowly upward trend, with neither decreasing nor increasing trends being statistically significant (（χ2=1.947，0.806，P>0.050). The incidence of MDR-TB in the retreatment failure population was 66.6% (2/3), and the others, failure initial treatment and recrudescence populations were 23.5% (19/81), 16.7% (2/12) and 15.2% (70/461), respectively. Similar to the incidence above, the incidence of pre-XDR-TB was 16.7% (2/12) among patients who failed in initial treatment, and 12.2% (9/74), 9.8% (43/439), and 4.5% (2/44) among the others, recrudescence and returned patients, respectively. The incidence rates of MDR-TB and pre-XDR-TB in different populations were significantly different (χ2=117.600，59.030，P<0.05). Conclusions There are still areas for improvement in tuberculosis drug resistance surveillance system in Changsha. On the premise of paying attention to patients in retreatment failure, other, initial treatment failure and relapse patients, high sensitivity molecular drug susceptibility testing, and scientifically efficient screening strategies must be explored.
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Objective To understand the potential risk of schistosomiasis transmission in Xiuzhou District of Jiaxing City, so as to provide the scientific evidence for consolidating schistosomiasis control achievements. Methods Fixed and mobile surveillance sites were set up in Xiuzhou District of Jiaxing City from 2013 to 2015. Oncomelania hupensis snails was surveyed historical snail habitats, current snail habitats, and suspected snail habitats. The schistosome infections were identified using serological and parasitological testing among local residents and mobile populations. In addition, the survival and reproduction of snails imported into Xiuzhou District was observed, and the schistosome infection in wild reservoir hosts was detected. Results A total of 540.14 hm2 of settings were surveyed in Xiuzhou District, Jiaxing City from 2013 to 2015, and 1.65 hm2 of snail habitats were identified. The snail habitats were mainly located in dry lands, and no infected snails or importation of snails were found. During the period from 2013 to 2015, a total of 7 668 local residents and mobile populations were examined in Xiuzhou District, and no new local infections were detected; however, three imported schistosomiasis cases were identified. Field simulation experiment showed that the imported snails laid eggs and reproduced in Xiuzhou District, and no schistosome infections were found in wild animals. Conclusion There are still residual Oncomelania snails and imported schistosomiasis patients in Xiuzhou District of Jiaxing City; therefore, the surveillance and management of local Oncomelania snails and imported schistosomiasis should be intensified to reduce the risk of schistosomiasis transmission.
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Objective To understand the potential risk of schistosomiasis transmission in Xiuzhou District of Jiaxing City, so as to provide the scientific evidence for consolidating schistosomiasis control achievements. Methods Fixed and mobile surveillance sites were set up in Xiuzhou District of Jiaxing City from 2013 to 2015. Oncomelania hupensis snails was surveyed historical snail habitats, current snail habitats, and suspected snail habitats. The schistosome infections were identified using serological and parasitological testing among local residents and mobile populations. In addition, the survival and reproduction of snails imported into Xiuzhou District was observed, and the schistosome infection in wild reservoir hosts was detected. Results A total of 540.14 hm2 of settings were surveyed in Xiuzhou District, Jiaxing City from 2013 to 2015, and 1.65 hm2 of snail habitats were identified. The snail habitats were mainly located in dry lands, and no infected snails or importation of snails were found. During the period from 2013 to 2015, a total of 7 668 local residents and mobile populations were examined in Xiuzhou District, and no new local infections were detected; however, three imported schistosomiasis cases were identified. Field simulation experiment showed that the imported snails laid eggs and reproduced in Xiuzhou District, and no schistosome infections were found in wild animals. Conclusion There are still residual Oncomelania snails and imported schistosomiasis patients in Xiuzhou District of Jiaxing City; therefore, the surveillance and management of local Oncomelania snails and imported schistosomiasis should be intensified to reduce the risk of schistosomiasis transmission.
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Objective To learn the relationship between chronic complications of type 2 diabetic and stroke incidence.Methods Based on the surveillance data of type 2 diabetes and stroke in Xiuzhou district of Jiaxing City from 2009 to 2014, using logistic regression model method to analysis the relationships between chronic complications of type 2 diabetic and stroke incidence.Results Among 6 108 participants, 462 subjects developed stroke (7.56%);479 (7.84%) diabetes patients were diagnosed with chronic complications simultaneously and 116 subjects developed stroke (24.21%), higher than those no chronic complications (6.15%, P<0.05).The proportion of diabetic vasculopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy and skin infection were 33.33%, 24.64%, 23.23%, 13.48% and 5.32%, respectively.After adjusted for gender, age, occupation, urban and rural, obesity, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, there were significant statistical correlations between vasculopathy, neuropathy and stroke, the OR values and 95%CI were 4.95(3.41-7.19) and 2.79(1.80-4.32);patients who combined with any one,two, three or more chronic complications were significantly associated with the onset of stroke when compared with those without chronic complication, the OR values were 1.28, 2.75 and 5.38, respectively.Conclusion Vasculopathy and neuropathy of type 2 diabetes patients which found at diagnosed were risk factors of stroke,and the more for type 2 diabetes patients combined with the chronic complications, the greater the risk of stroke.
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AIM:To investigate the current status of diabetic patients with low vision in Tangshan,and to explore the risk factors of low vision.METHODS:A sampling survey was conducted to select 2000 diabetic residents in Tangshan area from January to December 2016 to examine the incidence of diabetic low vision in Tangshan area.The diabetic patients with low vision included in the observation group,another 2 times the number of cases of diabetes with normal vision were selected as control group.Logistic regression was used to analyze the related history data of two groups of patients were investigated,to analyze the risk factors to low vision.RESULTS:Of the 2000 diabetic patients involved in visual acuity examination,there were 189 patients (275 eyes) with poor vision,the incidence rate was 6.90％.Among them,102 patients (102 eyes) with monocular vision deficit (2.55％),binocular vision was poor in 87 cases (174 eyes,4.35％).Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that the age,course of disease and retinopathy of diabetes were the major risk factors of low vision in diabetic patients.CONCLUSION:The incidence of low vision in diabetic patients in Tangshan area is low.The age,course of disease and retinopathy of diabetes are the main causes of low vision.Therefore,strengthening the retinopathy visual examination,early prevention and treatment,in elderly patients,and patients with long course of disease,can reduce the occurrence and development of low vision in patients with diabetes mellitus.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the difference between adolescent and adult C57BL/6J mice in response to rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) deprivation in terms of anxiety behavior and hippocampal NO level.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Both adolescent and adult C57BL/6J mice were divided into normal control (NC) group, wide platform (WP) group, and 24-hour REMS deprivation group, each group consisting of 15 mice. REMS deprivation models were established using a small platform in water tank, and the elevated plus maze test was used to examine anxiety behavior of the mice. After behavioral tests, the mice were sacrificed to examine hippocampal NO levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and hippocampal nNOS protein expression was detected with Western blotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The adolescent C57BL/6J mice showed no obvious differences in anxiety behaviors between the 3 groups, but NO level and nNOS expression in the hippocampus was significantly higher in REMSD group than in NC and WP groups (P<0.01). The adult mice in REMSD group, compared with those in the other two groups, exhibited significantly increased total number of arm entry (P<0.01), lowered number of open arm entry and reduced open arm time (P<0.01), increased number of close arm entry and prolonged close arm time (P<0.01 or 0.05); no obvious differences in NO level or nNOS expression in the hippocampus were found in the 3 groups of adult mice.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>REMS deprivation produces different effects on anxiety-related behaviors between adolescent and adult mice possibly in relation to their different responses in terms of NO levels and nNOS expression in the hippocampus.</p>
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Animais , Camundongos , Ansiedade , Hipocampo , Química , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Óxido Nítrico , Química , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo I , Metabolismo , Privação do Sono , Sono REMRESUMO
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>With aging, the human fracture risks gradually increase. This is mainly due to the corresponding changes of the biomechanical parameters of human bone presents with aging. We measured the microstructural parameters of lumbar bone from women in several age groups by micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy. We observed changes in lumbar cancellous bone mineral density and in biomechanical parameters with aging to elucidate the relationship between age and risk of fracture. We provide theoretical support for human pathology, fracture risk increased with age and the individualized of each age group.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-two fresh L3 vertebral bodies were donated from 32 women, aged 20-59 years and were divided into four age groups: 20 to 29 years (group A); 30 to 39 years (group B); 40 to 49 years (group C); and 50 to 59 years (group D). Conventional lumbar separation was performed by removing soft tissue and subsidiary structures, leaving only the vertebral body. The vertebral body was cut into halves along the median sagittal plane, maintaining the upper and lower end-plates of each half, and used for biomechanical, morphological, and density measurements.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Comparing group A to B, the rod-like trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) decreased; the trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp) increased; the plate-like Tb.Th decreased; bone mineral density, tissue mineral density, bone volume fraction, and bone surface fraction decreased, and the elastic modulus and the ultimate stress decreased (all changes P < 0.05). Similar significant (P < 0.05) trends were obtained when comparing group C to D. With aging, the collagen cross-linking capacity declined, the thickness of the collagen fibrils was variable (ranging from almost the same to loose, sparse, or disordered), and the finer collagen fibrils between the thick filaments were disorganized.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In women aged 20 to 59 years, the rod-like and plate-like Tb.Th of the vertebral body decreased, while Tb.Sp increased. Additionally, the density, elastic modulus, and ultimate stress of the cancellous bone decreased with age. These associated changes in bone microstructure, density, and biomechanics with age may lead to an increasing risk of osteoporosis and fracture.</p>
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Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Densidade Óssea , Fisiologia , Vértebras Lombares , Metabolismo , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Microtomografia por Raio-XRESUMO
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the characteristics of distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE), auditory brainstem response (ABR) and mismatch negativity (MMN) in guinea pigs with hyperbilirubinemia and assess the impact of hyperbilirubinemia on their hearing functions.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Normal neonatal guinea pigs were randomly divided into normal control, low- and high-dose bilirubin groups. DPOAE, ABR and MMN were tested and compared between the 3 groups of guinea pigs.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The DPOAE was comparable between the 3 groups (P>0.05). The guinea pigs with peritoneal injection of low-dose bilirubin exhibited significantly prolonged wave III and V latencies and I-III interwave intervals during the ABR test in comparison with the control group (P<0.05). All the ABR parameters were significantly different between the high-dose bilirubin group and the control group (P<0.05). The detection rates of MMN were significantly different between the 3 groups (Chi(2)=7.438, P=0.024), and the average MMN latency was significantly shorter in the control group than in the high-dose group (P<0.05), but the amplitudes of MMN remained similar between the 3 groups (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Hyperbilirubinemia results impairment primarily of retrocochlear auditory pathway with relative mild damage of the cochlear. Apart from sensorineural auditory impairment, hyperbilirubinemia may also cause central auditory processing abnormalities.</p>
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Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Comportamento Animal , Bilirrubina , Sangue , Potenciais Evocados Auditivos do Tronco Encefálico , Cobaias , Hiperbilirrubinemia , Sangue , Emissões Otoacústicas EspontâneasRESUMO
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the characteristics of auditory event-related potentials (AERP) evoked by pure tone stimuli and Chinese speech stimuli respectively, and to explore the feasibility of using Chinese speech stimuli to evoke AERP for Chinese.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>AERP were tested by both Chinese speech and pure tone as stimuli in normal young participants (83 ears in 44 young postgraduate students), then each AERP wave form were scored. The latencies, amplitudes and scores of AERP evoked by speech stimuli were compared with by pure tone stimuli.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Typical waves of AERP were recorded and identified more easily with speech stimuli than pure tone stimuli, moreover, the differences were statistically significance (X2 = 4.0, P = 0.039). The latency and amplitude of P3 evoked by both Chinese speech stimuli and pure tone stimuli in the 72 ears were no significant difference (P > 0.05). But the mean scores of AERP evoked by speech stimuli were significantly higher than those evoked by pure tone stimuli (t = 6.57, P = 0.000). N2 and P3 latency in left ear evoked by speech stimuli were significantly shorter than those evoked by pure tone stimuli (P = 0.002, P = 0.003). However there were no significant differences in right ear(P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Chinese speech stimuli were more consistent with requests of AERP test and custom of Chinese spoken language, so the Chinese speech stimuli was more available for Chinese's AERP test than pure tone stimuli.</p>